ECMWF says 2025 was third-warmest year on record globally
Global temperatures during 2025 were 1.47 °C (2.65 °F) above pre-industrial levels (1850–1900).
This was marginally cooler than 2023 by 0.01 °C and 0.13 °C below 2024, which remains the hottest year on record.
The period from 2023 to 2025 saw average global temperatures exceed 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, marking the first time a three-year span has surpassed the long-term warming limit set by the Paris Agreement.
Projections based on the current rate of warming suggest that the 1.5 °C threshold could be crossed by the decade’s end—more than ten years sooner than initially estimated when the Paris Agreement was adopted.
Land-based air temperatures reached their second-highest recorded levels, with Antarctica experiencing its warmest year on record and the Arctic its second-warmest. Ocean surface temperatures were also among the highest ever documented.
"The report confirms that Europe and the world are in the warmest decade on record," said ECMWF Director-General Florian Pappenberger. "Preparedness and prevention remain possible but only when action is guided by robust scientific evidence."
The extreme heat observed in 2025 was mainly driven by the accumulation of greenhouse gases, ongoing emissions, and a decrease in carbon absorption by natural sinks. Elevated sea-surface temperatures, influenced by El Niño and other oceanic patterns, also played a significant role.
While tropical regions were slightly cooler than in 2023–2024, polar areas experienced record-high temperatures. Europe recorded its third-warmest year, with an average temperature of 10.41 °C, 1.17 °C above the 1991–2020 average. In February, the combined polar sea ice cover fell to its lowest level since satellite observations began in the late 1970s.
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